Lab No. 08

C++ Programming Basics (Basic Input / Output, Directives, Arithmetic Operators, Building Blocks of Programming Language)

 Objectives:

Understand the Basics of C++ Programming

working using visual studio 2008.

Tools:

Visual Studio 2008.

Working With Visual Studio 2008

Open Visual Studio 2008. You will see the start page.

Select "File Menu-->New-->Project"

In the dialog box that pops up, select Visual C++ in project type and select "Win32 Console Application." Enter the name of project and leave the default path the same (Figure 1.2) you can leave the Create Directory for Solution box checked and you can change the path also). Click ok.

Make sure that the following are checked (as shown):

1. Under "Application type": Console Application

2. under "Additional Options": Empty Project

3. Then Press Finished

After clicking on finish, project will be created. Now you need to add a CPP file to the project. Go to the "Solution Explorer" on the left side and right-click on "Program1" (name of project). Once you have right clicked on Program1 select "Add-->New Item"

A Sample Program:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{ int i;

cout << "This is output.\n";

// this is a single line comment /* you can still use C style comments */

// input a number using >>

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> i;

// now, output a number using <<

cout << i << " squared is " << i*i << "\n";

return 0;

}

Output of the Program:

Enter a number: _

If we enter the number 4 then the program displays

Squared is 16

Screenshots:

Go to the Build Menu and select "Build Solution" (Figure 1.6).

Go to the Debug Menu and select “Start without Debugging” or simply PRESS F5 on your keyboard, and a small box should pop up that is running your program that will add 2 numbers together

Debugging your program in Visual Studio 2008

The most basic aspect of any debugging session is the use of breakpoints, which allows you to specify a location in your application (a line of code) where program execution will stop (break) and allow you to inspect the internal state of the application at that exact moment.

To add a break point place mouse pointer on the gutter (narrow gray strip on left of code) and click on it in the line you want to debug. A red circle will appear

To run your program in debugging mode, select 'Start Debugging' from Debug menu. Program execution will stop at the line of break point

Yellow arrow is pointing to the line which will be executed next. At this point, you can view the contents of

All variable in different tabs of bottom left window

Watch will allow the user to select the variables and objects in the program and display their values

Autos is very similar to the watch and locals windows except along with the value of the object or variable, it also displays the expressions from the current line of code some of it around it. You can see that it picks up more than just the current scope of the instruction pointer; it has picked up the variables from the entire function

Bottom Right window allow you to view the following:

Call Stack is very useful when a breakpoint is hit or when the program calls an exception. Assuming the call stack is intact, it gives the user a history of program calls to get to the stop execution point. The user can then select any of the entries to go back in time of the execution and trace backwards things that were happening.

Breakpoints window displays the status and the descriptive items associated with program breakpoints

Output: The 'Trace' window, it is usually displayed in both code and debug views.

Now you can use following options for single stepping from Debug menu

Step into (F11): Step Into executes only the call itself, then halts at the first line of code inside the function. Use Step Into to go inside your method and stop immediately inside it.

Step Over: Moves to the next step in your code also, but doesn't break inside any methods.

Step Out: Ignores the rest of the current method and goes to the calling method.

After debugging desired portion of code, you can execute the remaining code at once by selecting Continue from Debug menu.

Advanced Breakpoints

In order to set an advanced breakpoint, you must first set a normal breakpoint and then choose a modifier to set from a context menu. To display the context menu from a breakpoint symbol in the gutter, simply right click mouse on the breakpoint symbol or the line containing the breakpoint

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